بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيم

Adjective:

The word adjective is derived from the Latin word "Adjectives" which means added.

Definition: It is a word that modifies, explains, or gives extra information about a noun or a pronoun in a sentence.

Modern definition: The adjective is a word that adds the following to the meaning of a noun or a pronoun.

Opinion ex: My friend is silly.
Shape ex: The world is round.
Color ex: Rose is red.
Material ex: We use wooden Chairs.
Size ex: She is chubby.
Age ex: She is young.
Origin ex: I am Pakistani.
Distance ex: Let's go on a long drive.
Temperature ex: The weather is hot.
Purpose ex: We need sleeping bags.
Quantity ex: She has much knowledge.
Number ex: She bought two goats.
Time ex: We have had an early start.

Roots of an Adjective:

Cases of adjective
Kinds of adjective
Degrees of adjective

Cases of an adjective:

there are four cases of an adjective.

1. Attributive case	=	Adjective + noun
2 Predicative case	=	linking verb + adjective
3: Post positive case	=	indefinite pronoun + adjective
4: Abridging case	=	linking verb + adjective + noun

Some common linking verbs: be, feel, sound, seem, look, taste, smell, get, become, + adjective = predicate case.

Ex: She looks beautiful.
Ex: He seems tired.
Ex: The soup tastes awful.
Ex: Ali becomes smart when he wears black clothes.
Ex: The rose smells good.
Ex: She gets angry.

Kinds of Adjective:

There are 12 kinds of an adjective.

1. Interrogative adjective:

It is an adjective that is used to ask a question that needs a complete answer.

What
Whose noun
Which

Ex: What time is it?
Ex: Whose car are you driving?
Ex: Which class do you read?

2. Possessive adjective:

It is an adjective that is used to show possession or ownership

Possessive pronoun possessive adjective

I                                                              my
We                                                         our
You                                                        your
They                                                      their
He                                                          his
She                                                         her
It                                                            its

Ex: She is my mother.
Ex: They are our best players. purse.
Ex: I saw their parents.
Ex: It is his marker.
Ex: I have a mobile.
Ex: I didn't steal her don't like its battery.
Ex: I love their daughter.

3. Demonstrative adjective:

It is an adjective that points out a near or far person or persons, thing or things, and place or places.

This                                      = near singular
These                                   = near plural
That                                     =far singular
Those                                   =far plural

Such + noun for all above four.

Note: if an adjective is used in both a predicative and attributive case, it will be the real adjective and if an adjective is used only in attributive case and it isn't followed by linking verb, it won't be a real adjective. It will be a determiner.

Ex: These chairs are wooden.
Ex: This pen is not working.
Ex: That car is mine.
Ex: Those girls are very rude.
Ex: Such a student is very hardworking.
Ex: Such students are very hardworking.

4. Exclamatory adjective:

It is an adjective that is used to show surprise or sudden emotions.

Structure: What + (a, an) + adjective + noun

Ex: What a shot!
Ex: What a shot
Ex: What an awful coffee!
Ex: What people!

5. Emphatic or pseudo adjective:

It is an adjective that is used to emphasize a noun.

Own/Very + noun

Ex: I also give the very idea.
Ex: I want to start my own business.

6. Descriptive adjective:

It is also called adjective of quantity. It is an adjective that is used to show the quality of a person, place, or thing. It is also a kind of real adjective.

Ex: Ali is kind.
Ex: Ali is a kind doctor.

7. Relative adjective:

It is an adjective that is used to combine two clauses and make an adjective clause from the sentence or clause.

Structure: Whose + noun + (sub) + verb + comp

Ex: The boy is sad. His father has been killed.

The boy whose father has been killed is sad.

Ex: We have a car. Its sound system costs one lack.

We have a car whose sound system costs one lack.

8. Distributive adjective:

It is an adjective that talks about each person or thing separately.

Each/Every/Either/ Neither + singular noun + singular verb.

Ex: Every man, woman, child, girl and boy are coming.
Ex: I will hair either boy.
Ex: Neither teacher helps me in math.
Ex: Each day has a responsibility to fulfill.

9. Proper adjective:

It is an adjective that is derived from a proper noun and shows origin and nationality.

Ex Usman is formed in Pakistan. He is Pakistani.
Ex: Atif Aslam is a Pakistani singer.

10. Numerical adjectives:

It is used before countable noun to show number. It has two kinds.

1) Adjective of definite number:

it shows a specific number. It has two kinds.

a) Cardinal number: shows how many persons or things we mean.

Ex: I have 20 students in my class.
Ex: She bought two cars.

b) Ordinal number: shows a specific sequence.

Ex: She got the first position.
Ex: It is your second mistake.

2) Adjective of indefinite number:

It doesn't show any specific number. Some/ Any/ A lot of Lots of/ Few/A few/ Many/ More/ Several + Plural noun.

Ex Some boys are very rude to their teachers.
Ex: I don't have any questions. Es: There were a lot of students at DOMINO.
Ex: Lots of the students left the Kabul English language center.
Ex A few teachers gave resignation at DOMINO.
Ex Few teachers made passports at DOMINO.
Ex: Many people used to like Benazir.

11. Quantitative adjective:

It is also called adjective of quantity. It is an adjective that shows the quantity of noncount.

Noun/ A little/ Little/ Some/ Any/ A lot of/ Lots of/ Much/ More + noncount noun

Ex: A little water went into the engine of my bike.
Ex: I need a little time for making an example.
Ex: Do you have any doubt?
Ex: Pour some sugar in my tea.
Ex: I spent a lot of money to build a new house.
Ex: Lots of people were killed in Afghanistan by Americans.
Ex. Ali has a lot of experience in this job.
Ex: If you want i have this post, you must have more experience.

12. Participial adjective:

It is an adjective that is made of the present participle (verb-ing) or past participle (verb 3) form of the verb.

Ex: The news is surprising.
Ex: We were surprised.
Ex: He told me surprising news.
Ex: They were surprised people.

Degrees of Adjectives:

There are three degrees of adjectives.

1) Positive degree:

in this degree, we don't compare persons, places, or things. It just shows the quality of someone's place or something.

Ex: Ali is a nice teacher.

2) Comparative degree:

in this degree, we compare one person, place, or thing with another person, place or thing.

Ex: Ali is taller than Mahmood.
Ex: Peshawar hotter than Khyber.
Ex: Snow man marker is more expensive than the dollar.
Ex: Peshawar is hot.
Ex: Nokia is a durable mobile.

3) Superlative degree:

in this degree, we compare one person, place or thing with a group of persons, places or things.

Ex: Ali is the most intelligent student of our college.
Ex: Peshawar is the most beautiful city in Pakistan.
Ex: I phone mobiles are the nicest mobiles in the market.

Rules of changing the positive to a comparative or superlative degree

1) One syllable adjective ending in "E" will take "R" in comparative and "ST" in the superlative degree.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Nice	Nicer	nicest
Cute	Cuter	Cutest
White	Whiter	Whitest
Wide	Wider	Widest
Fine	Finer	Finest
Large	Larger	Largest
Simple	Simpler	Simplest

2) One syllable adjective: not ending in "E" will take "ER" in comparative and "EST" in the superlative degree.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Tall	Taller	Tallest
Small	Smaller	Smallest
Big	Bigger	Biggest
Hot	Hotter	Hottest
Fat	Fatter	Fattest
Cool	Cooler	Coolest

3) Two syllable adjectives ending in "y". Change "y" into "1" and add "ER" along with "I" in comparative and "IEST" in superlative.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Funny	Funnier	Funniest
Lazy	Lazier	Laziest
Crazy	Crazier	Craziest
Heavy	Heavier	Heaviest
Happy	Happier	Happiest
Pretty	Prettier	Prettiest
Busy	Busier	Busiest

4) One syllable irregular adjective: will not take R, ER, IER and ST, EST, and IEST. Their whole spelling will be changed.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Good	Batter	Best
Bad	Worse	Worst
Old	Older, Elder	Oldest, Eldest
Far	Farther, Further	Farthest, Furthest
Little	Less	Least
Many, Much	More	Most
More	More	More

Note: Never use "the" name of Allah because "the" is used for comparison and Allah can't be compared with anyone in this world.

Ex: Allah is the most merciful and compassionate. (Best)

Ex: Allah is the most merciful and compassionate. (Wrong)

Ex: Starting in the name of Allah, who is most beneficent. (Best)

Ex: Starting in the name of Allah, who is the most beneficent. (Wrong)

Kinds of the adjective:

We have two kinds of adjectives.

1) Gradable adjectives:

They have degrees and can be used in comparative and superlative degrees.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Tall	Taller	Tallest
Fat	Fatter	Fattest
Thin	Thinner	Thinnest

2) Non-gradable adjectives:

They don't have degrees. They can't be used in comparative and in superlative degrees.

Ex: Unique, Superb, Excellent, Perfect, Alive, Incomplete, Possible, and Dead.

MCQS Ghar

Adjective - Parts of Speech