بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيم 

Conjunction

 

Conjunction: is derived from a Latin word "conjunct" which means "to combine". Definition: conjunction is a word or phrase which is used to combine two or more words. phrases, and clauses.

1.      Words: I need nails and hummer.

2.      Phrases: She can be at home or the office.

3.      Clauses: She was sick, so we went to ask about her health.

 

Kinds of conjunction:

There are three kinds of conjunction.

 

1. Co-ordinate conjunction: is a conjunction that combines words, phrases, and clauses of equal rank. It is also called FANBOYS.

F=for (meaning because)

A = and

N = nor

B= but

O = or

Y = yet (but) (despite)

S=so (therefore)

 

 

Kinds of co-ordinate conjunction

 

1.      Cumulative or copulative conjunction And, so (therefore)

2.      Illative conjunction

3.      Alternative conjunction Nor, or

4.      Adversative conjunction But, yet

Note: for, yet, so

Main clause + for, yet, so + main clause.

And, nor, but, or.

 

Words                                 nor                        words

Phrases                +             and        +             phrases

Clauses                               but                        cluases

 

Or

Ex: I can't come for there are a lot of guests at home.

Ex: She neither beautiful nor polite.

Ex: she studies and works.

Ex: he drives fast but carefully.

Ex: I will study medicine or computer science.

Ex: it is raining yet we are going swimming.

Ex: she was sick, so we took her to the doctor.

 

 

2. Correlative conjunction: is also called paired conjunction. It is a conjunction that combines equal grammatical units in pairs.

Both ...... and,                   Neither..... nor

Either....or,                        Not only.... but also.

 

Structure:

Both                     words                   and                       words

Neither                +             phrase                 +             nor         +             phrase

Either                   +             clause                  +             nor         +             clause 

 

Ex: both Tariq and Hanif are my brothers.

Ex: I like neither Abida nor Nadia.

Ex: I will merry either Najila or Ashina.

Ex: she is driving not only fast but also recklessly.

Ex: I know both where she lives and where she goes.

Ex: I know not only whom she loves but also whom

Ex: I talked to both students and teacher.

Ex: either Ali or Usman kidnaped my son.

Ex: Ali not only sells but also buys used cars.

Note: paired conjunctions are used just before those words, which are combined by them, and similar words should be removed.

Ex: Pakistan has good schools.

Ex: India has good schools.

Not only Pakistan but also India has good schools.

 

 

4.      Subordinate conjunction: is a conjunction that introduces the adverb clause. It combines an incomplete clause with a complete clause.

 

Structure:

Subordinate conjunction + incomplete clause + , + complete/main clause

2: complete/main clause + sub conj+ incomplete clause

 

 

Kinds of subordinate conjunction: It has six kinds.

 

1.      Subordinate conjunction of time: shows the time of action in the present, past, and future. After, before, when/whenever, while/as, until/till, once, as soon as, since, by the time etc.

Ex: She died after her parents went out.

Ex: Before the doctor came, the patient died.

Ex: When I find some free time, I visit my friends.

Ex: I go to the fridge whenever I am hungry.

Ex: While I was studying, someone knocked at the door.

Ex: As I came to my room, everything was scattered.

Ex: Don't enter the room, until I tell you.

Ex: Till I tell you, don't enter to the room.

Ex: Once I decide, I don't listen to anyone.

 

 

 

 

 

2.       Subordinate conjunction of place: shows the place of an action.

Where/ Wherever

Ex: I make new friends wherever I go.

Ex: where I find something new, I ask a lot of questions about it.

 

 

 

3.       Subordinate conjunction of reason: Because/ Since/ Now that/ They all mean "because".

Ex: I couldn't stay in Tirah because the weather was very cold there.

Ex: the teacher didn't allow me in the class since I came late.

Ex: now that I had a trible headache, I didn't understand anything.

Ex: in as much as: didn't study hard, I failed the test.

 

 

 

4.       Subordinate conjunction of purpose: So that

Ex: I want to get a degree in MA so that I can get a good job.

Ex: So that I learn English, I come to KELC.

 

 

 

5.       Subordinate conjunction of condition: If/ Unless/ Even if/ Whether or not/Provided that/ providing that/ Only if/ In case that in the even that

Ex: If it rains, the test will be in class.

Ex: Unless you are 18, you can't make an identity card.

Ex: They are not going to give me marks even if I give correct answers to all questions.

Ex: You can make a national identity card in Pakistan providing that you are 18.

Ex: You can participate in the exam only if you have 80% attendance.

 

 

6.       Subordinate conjunction of contrast:

Although

Though

Even though:             (They show indirect contrast.)

While

Whereas:                    (They show a direct contrast.)

Ex: I failed the test although I study hard.

Ex: though I was driving very slowly, I had an accident.