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Noun - Parts of Speech

بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيم

Noun

It is derived from the Latin word "Nomen" which means "a name" or a "Naming words".

Noun is a word, phrase, or clause which is used to name the following:

Person ex: Haider, Khurram
Place ex: Kohat, Lahore
Thing ex: Book, Table
Animal ex: donkey, lion, dog, cat
Action ex: to go, to study
Idea ex: pain, honest, Knowledge
Quality of mind ex: like, dislike, hate, love
Title or occupation ex: doctor, driver,

Roots of a noun: There are four roots of the noun.

Cases of a noun
Kinds of noun
Gender of noun
Number of the noun (singular and plural forms of the noun)

There are two parts of a noun

Animated nouns: they are those nouns that refer to living creators. Ex: Girl, boy, dog, cat, tree, etc.
Non-animated Nouns: they are those nouns that refer to nonliving creators. Ex: Pen, chair, book, car, plastic, shoes, etc.

Cases of Noun:

The Case of a noun shows the functions of a noun in a sentence and the Case of a noun shows where a noun is placed in a Sentence and what grammatical function it bears.

There are 10 cases of a noun:

Subjective case, nominative case
Objective case, accusative case
Subjective complement, as a verb of incomplete predicate
Oblique case, an object of a proposition
Vocative case, nominative of address
Genitive case, possessive case
The dative case, the indirect object of a verb
Objective complement
Appositive case, in opposition to a noun or pronoun
Accompaniment case or as a part of verbal

Subjective case:
It is also called the nominative case. In this case, the noun is used as the subject of the verb or sentence.

Ex: The Table is new. (Subjective case)
Ex: Aman is a doctor. (Subjective case)
Ex: There goes the loser. (Subjective case)
Ex: Is the girl hero? (Subjective case)

"Subject" the person or thing about whom we speak in a sentence is called the subject. Or A word or a person or thing about which a predicate talk in a sentence is the called subject.
Note: A noun doesn't need to come before a verb in the subjective case. It can also come after a verb, but noun should be the subject of a sentence in this case.
Ex: Is All smart?

Objective Case, Accusative Case:

It is also called the direct object of a verb. In this case, a noun is used as the object of an action verb. Action is a must here.

Ex: They write a letter. (Objective case)
Ex: We paint the class. (Objective case)
Ex: Haider reads a book. (Objective case)
Ex: Hassan eats an orange. (Objective case)

Subjective complement:

It is also called subjective complement. It is used as a complement of “be”. In this case, a noun is used after any form of “Be” to complete the meaning of the subject or sentence.

Ex: Aman is a doctor. Aman is “a doctor”.
Ex: They had been robbers. They had been “robbers”.

Note: In this case, a noun completes the meaning of the subject because of this it is called subjective Complement.

The object of a preposition:

It is also called the Oblique case. In this case, the noun is placed after a preposition that is why it is also called the object of a preposition.

Ex: Imran is from Pakistan.
Ex: We go home.
Ex: They are in the school.

"Definition of an object" the receiver of action or it may not receive the action is called object.

Kinds of object:

Affected object: The object which receives the action is called the affected object.
Non-affected object: The object which doesn't receive the action is called a non-affected object.

Vocative Case:

It is also called the nominative of address. In this case, a noun is used before or after a sentence to point someone.

Kinds of Vocative Case:

a) Direct Vocative Case: in this case, a noun is placed before a sentence.

Ex: Ahmad, bring me a glass of water.
Ex: Najeeb, come here.
Ex: My grandmother, I eat an apple.
Ex: Usman, I need your car.

b) Indirect vocative case: in this case, a noun is placed after a sentence

Ex: Bring me a glass of water, Hania.
Ex: Be quick, boys.
Ex: Come here, Najeeb.
Ex: Polish my shoes, Aiysha.
Ex: I eat, my grandmother.

Possessive case:

It is also called the genitive case. In this case, a noun is used with (’s) and (s’) with a noun to show ownership, possession, and relationship.

'S = singular noun, singular and plural irregular noun, names having no plural form to their plural form.
S' = plural noun, with names of families.

Structure:
Noun + ‘S + noun = Singular noun
Noun + S’ + noun = Plural noun

Usages of ('S):

With singular noun and proper nouns:

Ex: This is Ali's car.
Ex: What was yesterday's lesson?
Ex: What is your father's name?

With singular and plural irregular nouns.

Ex: It is a child's toy.
Ex: They are children's toys.
Ex: She has worn a man’s shirt.
Ex: She has worn a men’s shirt.

"S’, "S apostrophe:

There are two places where we can use them.

1) With plural nouns

Ex: It is a boys' hostel. (Right)
Ex: It is a boys's hostel. (Wrong)
Ex: That is the teachers' room. (Right)
Ex: That is the teachers's room. (Wrong)
Ex: He has bought girls' purses. (Right)
Ex: He has bought a girls's purse. (Wrong)

2) With the names of families

Ex: We went to Afridis' wedding party last night. (Right)
Ex: We went to Afridis's wedding party last night. (Wrong)

Note: In this case, the run will apostrophe s (‘s) or S apostrophe (S’), functions as an adjective, and modifies the noun after it comes.

Kinds of genitive or possessive case:

It has two kinds.
1) Separate genitive case: in this case, each noun has (‘S) or (S’).

Ex: We went to Ali's and Ahmad's wedding party.
Ex: The prime minister visited the girls’ and boys' schools.

2) Combined Genitive Case: in this case, only the second noun has (‘S) or (S’).

Ex: We went to Ali and Ahmad's wedding party.
Ex: The prime minister visited the girls’ and boys' schools.

Dative Case:

It is also called the indirect object of a verb and it receives the direct object.
Note: This case has two structures:

1: sub + verb + noun + for, to + noun

Ex: She bought a car for Ali.
Ex: The teacher taught tenses to students. The teacher taught tenses to "students".

2: sub + verb + noun + noun

Ex: She bought Ali a car. She bought "Ali" a car.
Ex: The teacher taught students tenses. The teacher taught "students" tenses.

Note: if we want to search dative cases in a sentence so the objective case will be present in a sentence because, in this structure, there are two objects.

One direct object and the second indirect object. The direct object will be in the objective case the indirect object will be in the dative case.
Note: We have two verbs that are used only and only informal structure.
They are "ask and cost".

Ex: Kamran asked Ali a question. (Right)
Ex: Kamran asked a question form, Ali. (Wrong)
Ex: This trip will cost us 10000. (Right)
Ex: This trip will cost 10000 from us. (Wrong)
Ex: This trip will cost 10000 to us. (Wrong)
Ex: This trip will cost 10000 for us. (Wrong)

Objective complements:

in this case, a noun is used as the complement for an object after a direct object to complete the meaning of an object.

Structure:
Sub + verb + object + noun (this noun completes the meaning of an object.)

Ex: We elected Ali our leader.
Ex: She called her father stepfather.
Ex: I consider you the hero.
Ex: Pakistan appointed Waqar Younus the chairman.
Ex: We want to select Imran Khan our PM.
Ex: I consider Mahmood my best friend.

Appositive Case:

Appositive case means a modifier of another noun. In this case, a noun used before or after another noun to modify it.

Note: The appositive case is formed by changing adjective clauses to the adjective phrase.
Structure:

1: noun +, appositive, + verb + complement

Ex: Musharaf, the president, is speeching to nation.

2: Appositive, + noun + Verb + complement

Ex: The president, Musharaf is speeching to the nation.
Ex: Misbah, the captain will retire soon.
Ex: The captain, Misbah will retire soon.
Ex: Misbah, the captain will retire soon.
Ex: The captain, Misbah, will retire soon.

Note: Original sentence as an adjective clause. Ex: Musharaf, who is the president, is speeching to nation.

Accompaniment case:

In this case, a noun is used after an adjective.

Ex: Ali is a smart boy.
Ex: Laila is a pretty girl.

Note: The difference between compound nouns and accompaniments is that in accompaniment the adjective can be changed but the adjective in compound nouns is fixed and very well known.

Ex: Ali is our superman. (Compound noun)
Ex: Ali is a smart, kind, handsome, brave, and hardworking boy. (Accompaniment)

Kinds of a noun:

Nouns are divided into nine kinds.

1) Proper noun:

is the name of a particular person, place, or thing.

Ex: China is a large country.
Ex: I speak to Ali.
Ex: It is the Holy Quran.

2) Common noun:

a noun that is not the name of any particular person, place, or thing is called a common noun. Or: It is the name of a common person, place, or thing.

Ex: It is a girls' college. Ex: That is our school.
Ex: Ali, the principal is taking the class.
Ex: The chair is made of wood.

3) Material noun:

is the name of a substance out of which other things can be made.

Ex: plastic, wood, paper, silk, cotton, iron, steel, etc.
Ex: We use iron to make different things.
Ex: Magazines come only on Sundays.

4) Concrete noun:

It is the name of something that can be seen or touched because it has an existing body.
Ex: book, keys, pen, chair, fan, marker, copy, etc.

5) Abstract noun:

It is the name of something that can't be seen or touched, but it can be felt.

Ex: pain, love, hate, blowing air, gas, friendship, sadness, anger, honesty, modesty, dignity, happiness, etc.

6) Countable noun:

It is also called unit noun. It is the name of something which can be counted and divided into singular and plural.

Ex: There is a boy on the road.
Ex: There are many boys on the road.
Ex: class, classes, ten onions, seven rooms, etc.

7) non-countable noun:

it is also called a mass noun. It is the name of something which can't be counted and divided into singular and plural.

Ex: water, sugar, salt, air, honesty, money, advice, news, soil, honey, etc.

8) Compound noun:

A noun + noun in which the first noun functions as an adjective and modifies the second noun is called a compound noun. Or it is the noun that is made of two or three parts. The first part functions as an adjective and modifies the second noun.

Ex They are college students. (Right)
Ex: They are colleges student. (Wrong)

Note: In the plural form of the compound noun, we use s, es, ies with the second noun because the first noun functions as an adjective, and adjectives don't have plural forms.

Kinds of the compound the noun:
It has three kinds.

a) Open compound noun:

in this kind, two nouns have spaces between them.

Ex: college bus, eyeglass, bus stop, etc. They are two words nouns.

b) Closed compound noun:

in this kind, two nouns have no spaces between them.

Ex: housewife, keyboard, homework, snowman, Facebook, etc. They are one-word nouns.

c) Hyphenated compound noun:

in this kind, nouns have hyphens between them.

Ex: father-in-law, editor-in-chief, sister-in-law, commander in chief, maid of honor, the man of the match, etc.

They have three parts separated by hyphens.
They are three-word nouns.
In this kind, the first noun should be changed to plural because we have to change the most
important nouns to plural.

Ex: father-in-law, fathers-in-law, sisters-in-law, editors in chief, eyeglasses, etc.

Formations of the compound noun:
Noun + noun: eyeglasses, bus stop, keyboard, homework, housewife, grammar class, tea, pot, etc.
Adjective + noun: Longman, black magic, black water, loudspeaker, gentleman, yellow fever, red bull, blackberry, etc.
Gerund + noun: Parking lot, driving school, frying pan, typing tutor, wedding hall, shopping mall, washing machine, etc.
Noun + gerund: Loud shading, match faxing, window shopping, handwriting, body zebra crossing, building, etc.
Noun + verb: Haircut, the sunset, temple run, candy crush, catwalk, milkshake. etc.
Verb + noun: Dance floor, love letter, typewriter, workshop, watchman, fight club.
Noun + preposition + noun: father-in-law, editor in chief, sister-in-law, maid of honor, an of the match, etc.

9) Collective noun:

A noun that refers to a group or collection of persons, places, things, animals is called a collective noun. Or it is the name of the collection of people, animals, and things.

Collection of people:

Ex: A team of players, an army of soldiers, a gang of thieves, a band of musicians, a panel of experts, a staff of employees, etc.

Collection of animals:

A flock of birds, a hive of bees, a herd of sheep, an army of ants, a team of houses, a troop of lions, a kennel of dogs, etc.

Collection of things:

A library of books, a galaxy of stars, a basket of fruits, a forest of trees, a stack of wood, an album of pictures, etc.

Genders of a noun:

Gender: The word gender is derived from the Latin word "genus" which means "kind" or "sort".

Gender indicates whether a person or animal is male or female.

Kinds of gender:

a) Masculine gender: indicates that a person or animal is male.

Ex: boy, father, man, lion, donkey, tiger, king, prince, brother, etc.

b) Feminine gender: indicates that a person or animal is female.

Ex: girl, mother, woman, lioness, ass, tigress, queen, princess, sister, etc.

c) Common gender: indicates that a person or animal is both male and female.

Ex: student, teacher, nurse, dancer, singer, pilot, parent, player, lawyer, dentist, flight attendant, soldier, writer, etc.

d) Neuter gender: indicates that a thing is neither male nor female.

Ex: chair, pen, table, blackboard, bus, copy, tree, picture, car, mobile, fan, etc.

Note: Some grammarian says that the name of all those things which are weak or can be dominated by other things will be considered as female and the pronoun "she" will be used for them.

Ex: Titanic was a big ship. She sank in the ocean.
Ex: My father bought a new car. She is beautiful. This means the car is beautiful.

But for those things which are very strong will be considered as male and the pronoun "he" will be used for them.

Ex: Flood is a dangerous thing. He destroys many areas and crops.
Ex: It was earth quick yesterday. He demolished many houses.

Note: Allah is always considered as masculine and the pronoun "he" replaces the name of Allah but that "he" should be in the capital.

Ex: Allah (SWT) is the only one. He (SWT) is the creator of everything.

Number of noun

Indicates or shows that a person, place, or thing is singular or plural.

There are two kinds of numbers.

a) Singular noun:

it indicates a singular person, place, or thing. Boy, datum, fish, cello, ref, mouse, cactus, chef, foot, thesis, criterion, wife, basis, vita, baby, etc.

b) Plural noun:

indicates or shows plural persons, places, or things.

Ex: boys, data, criteria, cellos, vitae, chefs, babies, feet, fish, wives, refs, bases, cacti, etc.

Noun (end in) Plural Example

Ends in Ch. sh. s. X. or z Es Box—boxes, bus—buses

Ends in a vowel and y S Boy—boys, Key—keys

Ends in consonants and y ies Baby—babies, Spy—Spies

Ends in f ves Loaf—loaves, thief—thieves

Ends in o S Zero—zeros

Most noun S Book—books, cup—cups