بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيم 

Verb

 

Verb: It is derived from the Latin word "verbum" which means a word. 

 

Definition: The verb is a word that shows an action or state.

Ex: I teach English. (Action)

Ex: I have a good teacher. (State)

 

Or: The verb is a word that shows the following.

1) It shows what a person or thing does.

Ex: Afridi plays quality cricket.

Ex: my laptop works fast.

 

2) It shows what is done to a person or thing.

Ex: Ali was beaten badly.

Ex: the chair was broken.

 

3) Verb shows what a person or thing is.

Ex: Misbah is the captain of Pakistan.

Ex: my laptop is new.

 

4) it shows what a person or thing has.

Ex: Ali owns a lot of bank balance.

Ex: your laptop has a lot of viruses

 

 

 

 

State:

Possession/ ownership,                Emotions,                          Senses,                 Existence,           

Experience,                                       State of being,                  Mental activities,

Conditions of human, things, weather etc.

 

 

Categories of the verb:

► Verbs according to kind:

► Verbs according to mood

► Verbs according to form

► Verbs according to tense,

 

 

Verbs according to kind: 

There are two kinds of the verb.

1. Main verb
2. Auxiliary verb an action or state.

 

1)Main verb 

it Main verb is also called a lexical verb. It is a verb that shows.

Ex: we study English.

Ex: I love Pakistan.

 

Kinds of the main verb: 

It has seven kinds.

1. Transitive verb
2. Intransitive verb.
3. Linking verb
4. Causative verb
5. Ergative verb
6. Stative verb
7. Phrasal verb

 

1)     Transitive verb: 

Transitive verb is a verb that is followed by an object.

Ex: he eats an apple.

Ex: she writes a letter.

 

Kinds of transitive verb

a) mono transitive verb: is a verb which is followed by only one object. It should be a direct object.

Ex: I respect the elders.

Ex: she cooks a chicken.

 

b) di transitive verb: is a verb which is followed by the direct and indirect object.

Ex: I bought a ring for Nagila.

Ex: I sent money to my brother.

Ex: he writes the notes.

Ex: I bought Nagila a ring.

Ex: I sent my brother money.

 

c) complex transitive verb: is a transitive verb but it can be used intransitively.

Ex: Kamran eats slowly.

Ex: she drives recklessly.

 

d) pseudo transitive verb: is a verb that may have an object but can't be changed passive. Have, possess, suit, fit, own.

Ex: the red dress suits Laila.

Ex: this coat fits a thin person.

 

2)      Intransitive verb: 

Intransitive verb is a verb that is never followed by an object. It is followed by a complement which is called PATAP.

PATAP:

P: Place                       she goes to school.

A: adverb                    she dances beautifully.

T: time                         she came at 4:00 pm.

A: adjective                I became angry.

P: preposition           : we agree with Ahmad.

 

 

Some intransitive verbs: Go, dance, come, become, agree, live, walk, swim, run, fall climb, think, die, look, sleep, happen, occur etc.

 

3)     Linking verb: 

Linking verb is a verb which is always followed by an adjective. It is also called copular or copulative verb.

Come linking verbs: Seem, Be, Look, Taste, Smell, Get, Become, Sound, and Feel etc.

 

 

4)     causative verb: 

       The causative verb is a verb in that the subject doesn't do any action but it causes the object to do the action. Get (to motivate)

Help/ Let/ Make (to force)/ Have (to hair/choose)

Get + object + to verb 1

Help + object+ (to) + verb 1

Let/ Make/ Have + object + verb I

 

5)     Ergative verb: 

       Ergative verb is a verb that can be used transitively and intransitively. If it is used intransitively, it has a passive meaning.

Ex: bank closes 4:00 pm.

Ex: it rains.

Ex: the sun shines.

Ex: the class starts at 2:00 pm.

Ex: the bell rings at 3:00 pm.

Ex: the bus is arriving.

Ex: our class finishes at 6:00 pm.

 

6)     Stative verb: 

       Stative verb is a verb that shows state, not an action.

Ex: it shows five things.

Ex: it isn't used in ing tenses.

 

1) State of being: I am a student. Existence: she is an actress.

2) Possession or ownership: Have, has, own, possess, and belong.

Ex: this car belongs to me.

Ex: I have a car.

3) Senses: Feel, taste, smell, hear, watch, listen, notice, look, observr.

4: Mental activities: Know, remember, guess, forget, think, want, need, mean, etc.

5: Emotions: Love, hate, like, dislike, prefer, etc.

Note: in three cases, we can use stative verbs in progressive tenses.

1. short duration: you are being clever today.

2. physical change: I am feeling better than yesterday.

3. with adverb always: she is always forgetting her pen.

 

 

7)     Phrasal verb: 

It is also called two or three-word verb. It is a verb that is made of main verb + particle.

Particle means the following two things.

1. Adverb            2. Preposition

 

1. Verb + preposition

Ex: she fights with Ali.

Ex: I agree with you.

 

 

2. Verb + adverb

Ex: you should all sit down.

Ex: Ali climbs up.

 

3. Verb + adverb + preposition

Ex: She ran away with her boyfriend.

Ex: I can't put up with these people.

 

 

 

2) Auxiliary verb 

It is also called a helping verb.

It is a verb that helps other verbs to form negations, questions, and different tenses.

 

Kinds of the auxiliary verb:

It has three kinds.

1)     Primary or principal auxiliary verbs: 

        It are those auxiliary verbs that give grammatical information whether the sentence is right or wrong. It has three kinds.

1. To be auxiliary verbs.                Is, am, are, was, were, be, been, being

2. To have auxiliary verbs.            Have, has, and had.

3. To to auxiliary verbs                  Do, Does, and did.

 

Ex: he should be on time.

Ex: docs Ali have a test?

Ex: did they have a test?

Ex: she has broken a jar.

Ex: by the time you came, they had left.

 

2)     Semi auxiliary verb: 

        semi auxiliary verb is an auxiliary verb which is sometimes used as auxiliary verbs and sometimes as the main verb. Need/ Dare/ Used to,

As an main verb

Ex: I need a car.

Ex: I don't need a car.

Ex: she doesn't dare to speak in front of me.

Ex: I didn't use to go to university.

 

As auxiliary verb

Ex: you needn't bring a lot of books tomorrow.

Ex: we used not to live in a village.

Ex: we dare not to go there at night.

 

 

3)     Model auxiliary verb: 

        It is a kind of auxiliary verb which shows different feelings of a speaker. Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Shall, Should, Ought to, Must.

Can:

For the present, future ability

Informal possibility

Informal request (in question form)

Informal permission (in question form)

 

 

Ex: I can play cricket.

Ex: It can rain today.

Ex: can I come in?

 

Could:

For past ability.

Formal possibility in present, future or in the past.

Formal request in the present. Formal permission in present.

 

Ex: I could run very fast but I gained a lot of wait now.

Ex: I could rain.

Ex: could I have your pen please?

Ex: could you bring me a glass of water?

 

 

May:

For the present, future possibility.

For permission

For prayer

 

Ex: she may come today.

Ex: may you live long.

Ex: may I use you coat please?

 

Might:

For present and weak possibilities,

For very formal permission

 

Ex: might I come in?

Ex: she might come back next week.

 

Will:

For plans,

For prediction:

Informal request

 

Ex: I will get married in December.

Ex: the weather will very hot tomorrow.

Ex: will you give me your car tomorrow?

 

Would:

For imagination

Unreal situations and certainty

 

Ex: if I were rich, I would donate millions of money.

Ex: if you studied hard, you pass the test.

 

Shall:

For plans,

For suggestion

 

Ex: I shall get admission in NUML in Islamabad.

Ex: let's go to Kabul, shall we?

 

Should:

For advisability

For the present, future obligation.

 

Ex: you should come on time.

Ex: you should not waste your time.

 

Ought to:

For advisability

For present/future obligation.

 

Ex: you ought to be on time for your class.

Ex: you ought not to disrespect the elden

 

Must:

For prohibition,

For 99% inference

For strong obligation,

 

Ex: you must study hard for your exam.

Ex: you must not touch the hot stove.

Ex: Ali got the first position. He must be very intelligent.

 

 

Verbs according to mood:

Mood: is taken from the Latin word "modus" which means method.

The mood is the mode or method by which a verb is used to express a particular action.

 

 

 

Kinds of mood: There are four kinds of mood.

1) Indicative mood: in this kind of mood, a verb is used to state a general statement of fact.

Ex: they don't come in time.

Ex: Peshawar is hot.

 

2) Interrogative mood: in this kind of mood, the verb is used to ask a question.

Ex: do you like English?

Ex: why are you crying?

 

3) Imperative mood: in this kind of mood, the verb is used to give advice, order, request, direction, warning, etc.

Ex: don't come late.

Ex: open your books.

Ex: walk straight and turn left.

 

4) Subjunctive mood: in this kind of mood, the verb shows different things.

1. Intention

2. Resolution

3. Wish/prayer

4. Unreal present/future situation/action

5. Unreal past situation/action

 

Simple past = simple/future

Past perfect = simple past